Keywords: Generalized Relativity new space-time results science
achievement wave-particle
duality
Abstract:This paper puts forward the ¡°contact action principle¡±
firstly. According to this principle and the finite speed of light, briefly
describes the logic falsehood and conceptive errors in Einstein¡¯s theory, and
the basal viewpoints of the Generalized space-time relativity, and then points
out that, by applying this theory, not only can Einstein¡¯s theory be achieved,
but also the scientific finding that cannot be educed from Einstein¡¯s theory
can be obtained. Here we show: the different formula of mass-energy with
Einstein theory; the calculation formula of photon¡¯s quiescence mass; validated
that the photon has the interior structure; explained the ¡°red shift phenomena
of fixed star¡¯s spectrum¡± by using ¡°photon¡¯s aging model¡±, thereby negated the
cosmology of ¡°big-bang model¡±. Besides the mention, in the book of the
Generalized space-time relativity, we also discussed the differential equation
of matter¡¯s movement in the gravitation filed, uncovered the physics essence of
¡°wave- particle duality¡±. Etc.
Introduction
According to Special theory of relativity: the time t¡¯ and space r¡¯ of the
moving coordinates system would produce ¡°Lorenz¡¯s constriction¡± during the
movement. If ¡°Lorenz¡¯s constriction¡± were acknowledged, it would mean that time
and space are the people¡¯s perceived form, not the objective existence. ---
This is typical relativism¡¯s time-space conception. Into the bargain, the
modern science has been using ¡°big bang model¡± as the base of cosmology. This
model¡¯s foundation is red shift phenomena of the fixed star¡¯s spectrum.
According to this model, our universe is created out of an unprecedented ¡°big
bang¡±. Withal, we can draw an absurdity conclusion: since observing from the
earth, can see the red shift of fixed star¡¯s phenomena on the azimuth of 3600 in great circle of the celestial
sphere, and then, the earth would be naturally the core of the ¡°explosion¡±.
However, this is absolutely impossible. How can the earth become the core of
the explosion within vast universe? For this ¡°swelling process¡± of the
universe, some people made a comparison with the blowing of balloon. At this,
people would ask, where does the person observing swelling the universe stand?
Can he/she stand outside of the universe to observe the swelling? Of course, it
isn¡¯t impossible for any partial galaxy to explode due of the ¡°collapse of
gravitation¡±; but any given the galaxy cannot represent the ¡°universe¡±.
According to the definition, limitless ¡°time¡± and ¡°space¡± is the universe. As a
result, the law of evolvement of any galaxy in the sense of limited space and
time cannot represent the creation law of the universe by itself. So, there is
insurmountability logic falsehood in the cosmology of using General theory of
relativity as the base.
Contact action
principle with Einstein¡¯s theory
In order to ascertain a time coordinates of moving thing in arbitrariness space
position, some format contact must be used. ---If it is not the observer¡¯s
direct contact with the moving thing, it must be the moving thing transmitting
itself movement information through some signal. This principle has been intituled
as ¡°contact action principle¡±. Vis-¨¤-vis the contact action principle, the use
of relative static clock in the modus operandi of Newton¡¯s mechanics in the
appointed inertial coordinates system is based on the tentative of the ¡°over
space action principle¡± which is to explicitly ascertain the time coordinates
of moving thing at arbitrariness space position. Apparently, the over space
action principle is by the power of people¡¯s nonfigurative ideation to
ascertain the coordinates variable of the moving thing. Not difficult to find
out, to ascertain physics quantity by means of the modus operandi of using the
nonfigurative ideation is equal to acknowledging that the transfer speed is
infinite.
Furthermore, Einsteinian relativity adopts
the physics concept and physics principle of Newton mechanical, including inertial frame,
relative velocity, Galileo¡¯s relativity principle and speed of light invariable
principle etc. However practical condition is: the limit speed of matter is
equal to the speed of light in the vacuum. Considering the ¡°contact action
principle¡± and ¡°finite of transmit speed of mutual action¡±, inertial frame,
relative velocity, Galileo¡¯s relativity principle and speed of light invariable
principle etc. are untenable in a strict sense. Under this condition, whether
the observer locates on the coordinates origin O of the relative resting
inertial frame K, or on the coordinates origin O¡¯ of the relative motion
inertial frame K¡¯, by using his own clock, cannot absolutely synchronically
confirm the time process
and
about this moving thing relative motion respectively with
them. If the movement information of the moving thing is transferred at the
speed of light, then theoretically during the time coordinates
and
of the moving thing, it should be included that the lag time
process written down as
and
is necessary for the movement information of the moving thing
at arbitrariness space position to feedback to moving start point observers.
Here, the so-called ¡°non-synchronization¡± does not mean that difference in the
swing cycle between the moving clocks and static clock occurs. The means is
that the observers locating respectively at the origins O and O¡¯ should write
down lag time process
and
when recording the time coordinates
and
. Reversely, barring
and
, two observers do not break away from the time conception of
absolute synchronization. Of course, there is no problem to use these concepts
in Newton mechanics, because Newton mechanics¡¯ tentative is that the
transmit speed of mutual action is infinite and mutual action between objects
is over space. Nevertheless, this is the reason why the disfigurement is
brought to Newton
mechanics, which makes it an approximately accurate physics theory.
However, according to Einsteinian theory, whether standing at the point O¡¯ to
ascertain coordinates
, or at the point O to ascertain coordinates
,
and
are ignored entirely, making it impossible not to cause logic
falsehood, because this is entirely opposed against precondition of
coinstantaneous relativity. And furthermore in the coordinates transform of
Einstein¡¯s theory, comparison between the
and
,
and
, which have no common start point, are drawn based upon the
¡°harmonious character of physics equation¡±. Apparently, such coordinates
transform acts against minimum logic principle that must be abided by when
intercomparsion is made. Therefore, from the contradictory view of Einsteinian
theory itself, as well as his precondition, there is logic falsehood; from
different starting points of the time and space in coordinate transform, there
is conceptual error as well. --- This is both an important physical problem and
an important philosophical problem!
Speed of light
invariability principle
We can hardly talk about the issue of relativity,
without mentioning the ¡°speed of light invariability principle¡±. When talking
about the speed of light invariability principle, we cannot go without
mentioning the method adopted to measure the speed of light. As it is known, in
the traditional method to measure the speed of light, the observer always stays
at the location of light source and takes half the time process, e.g.
, covered by the photon between the ¡°light source¡± and the
¡°reflector¡± as the time process needed for transmission on the space distance
. this is how we get the relative velocity of photon transmission
. This method of measurement is fully equal to that the time
process
recorded at any time by the observer traveling with the
photon and his own timepiece is divided by the space distance
, i.e.
. Temporarily recorded it¡¯s as
. Here,
is defined as the
absolute velocity of the moving photon.
Of course, in fact, people cannot veritably stand on the photon and measuring
the movement of photon vis-¨¤-vis its light source. Therefore, such a way of
thinking is a ¡°logic idea¡± only. It is this logic idea that displays the
absolute oneness between the subjective thinking and objective impersonality.
It is noticed that the distance between ¡°light source¡± and ¡°reflector¡± is of
the same physical quantity for the observers standing at the light source and
at the reflector, i.e.
. So, the resting observer has got the moving velocity of
photon using the traditional measure method, which is the absolute velocity of
photon vis-¨¤-vis light source. Considering the time process
, which is transferring movement information, there exist two
types of speed of light: One is the relative velocity of moving photon obtained
by the observer standing at the light source, i.e.
; while the other is the absolute velocity of the photon¡¯s
motion relative to the light source as measured by the observer who is moving
together with the photon, i.e.
. Because
, so
. Obviously, so-called the ¡°speed of light invariability
principle¡± is that the absolute velocity of photon vis-¨¤-vis the light source
does not change, but not that the relative velocity of photon motion does not
change either. It is to be noticed that the modus operandi using ideation to
ascertain the time coordinates of photon at arbitrariness space position,
equals to precondition hypothesis that transfer speed of reciprocity is
infinite. Therefore, traditional method of measuring the speed of light is
based on the over space action principle.
Generalized space-time
relativity
1. Basic concept of generalized space-time
relativity. Generally speaking, any moving thing is an object system. This
might as well be called ¡°third object system¡±. Theoretically, as long as there
is the object system, there is observer and moving clock affirmatively. In this
way, relativistic concept is not intercomparsion between the two kinds of
time-space coordinates, which have been got by the observer standing on the
origins O and O¡¯ of the coordinates K and K¡¯, for the movement of third object
system relative to them respectively; nor is intercomparsion between the two
kinds of time-space coordinates, which have been formed by the movement of the
¡°other one¡± relative to ¡°oneself¡±. The reason is that, for mutual comparisons
in these aspects, the former one does not break away from the time concept of
absolute simultaneity while the latter one goes even further to replace the
physical concepts beyond that applied to the former. ---Either of them regards
themselves as in the resting system and the other as the motion system. In
reality, this is not the same moving thing. Consequently, the relativistic
concept is only: the observer standing on point O, observes the moving of O¡¯
vis-¨¤-vis point O and obtains a time coordinates
; the other observer standing on point O¡¯, observes the
moving of ¡°himself¡± vis-¨¤-vis point O, to get a time coordinates
; the space distance
and
for observers
standing on points O¡¯ and O, are the same physics quantity, so we can get the
two kinds of movement velocity: one is a relative velocity
, which is of observer standing on point O; the other one is
absolute velocity
, which is of observer standing on point O¡¯. We compare
factitiously the two kinds of time coordinates
with
, and
with
, --- coordinates transform --- to make of the new concept of
relativity. However, this relativity is not Einsteinian relativity any more,
but the generalized space-time relativity in the light space-time conception of
the dialectical materialism.
2. Mathematics reasoning of generalized
space-time relativity. According to definition of ¡°interval-square¡±, the
observer standing on the point O¡¯ can write down the interval-square as below:
(1)
The observer standing on the point O can write down:
(2)
In formula (1)
(3)
In formula (2)
(4)
Overhear,
is space distance
from starting point to terminal point of moving thing using the Descartes¡¯
frame denotation. While O¡¯ and O is infinite adjacencies,
and
can be written in differential form, i.e.
(5)
And
(6)
Whereas superficially,
, but such unlikeness is resulting from that fact that the
observation position is different, which is the purely subjective. Opposite to
Einsteinian relativity, generalized space-time relativity considers that finite
transfer velocity in each other action is the impersonality reason that conduce
the unlikeness of these interval-squares. Because, provided that transfer speed
is infinite in mutual action, no matter how distant between the two observers
cannot conduces
. Based on this, and in the light of space-time conception of
the dialectical materialism, using the dialectical logic, we conclude a
synthetical proposition---objectivity principle---the object contains an
objectivity that does not depend on the subject. Based upon the
objectivity principle, the two unequal interval-squares are forced to be
absolutely equal to each other, i.e.
(7)
Then to bringing the formulae (5) and (6) into (7), and to take notice of
,
, and
, it can be simply deduced as follows:
(8)
(9)
Again by some mathematic deductions1, one-suite
formula of transformation of generalized space-time relativity will be obtained
as follows:
(10)
In the formula,
is quiescence mass. Those who are familiar with Einstein¡¯s
relativity would find out, over here the transform formula is about time
coordinates only. However their physics meanings are different.
3. Mechanics of Generalized space-time
relativity. Besides, due to
, so
, to take into account the formula (10.2), it can be got
that:
(11)
When
, we will have
, and
. And then, from formula (8) the following can be got:
(12)
---This is the
reasonable kernel of Einstein¡¯s relativity.
To outspread formula (10-4) according to the power
series
(13)
While
, viz. K¡¯ and K is superposition, and relatively quiescence
vis-¨¤-vis origin O, the above formula becomes:
(14)
---This is
Einsteinian expression of the quiescence mass.
While
, viz. K¡¯ and K is superposition and relative movement
vis-¨¤-vis origin O in absolute speed of light
, the former two items are chosen from formula (13), to get:
(15)
---This is the
gross energy of photon movement vis-¨¤-vis the light source obtained starting
from the meaning of thinking logic.
All-pervading condition is
. To adopt second order approximation to formula (13), we can
get:
(16)
Formula (16) indicates
looking at the resting coordinates system, the gross energy of a moving object includes
two parts: one is quiescence energy, which is consistent with Special theory of
relativity; the other is the kinetic energy, which is consistent with Newton mechanics.
4. Calculation formula of photon¡¯s quiescence
mass. From the formula (10.4) found that, if the absolute
velocity of a moving thing
, there is:
(17)
in the formula,
is photon¡¯s
quiescence mass. Based on the photon¡¯s energy formula
, can get a calculation formula of photon¡¯s relative
quiescence mass:
(18)
In the formula,
is Planck¡¯s constant
,
is the frequency of light-wave, the unit is Hz. Here, we
order
(19)
Formula (18) can
be overwritten as:
(20)
There into,
is a constant, after calculating can get
¢Ù
To use an actual example is to validate whether this formula is right or not.
For example, we know the frequency range of ¡°visible light¡± is
Hz, there out, according to formula (20), can get the
quiescence mass of the visible light about
g. As we know, the quiescence mass of electron is about
g. So we can get photon¡¯s quiescence mass of visible light is
about one three millionth of electron¡¯s quiescence mass. The conclusion that
the photon has the quiescence mass can be indirectly proved out by recurring
that the neutrino has the quiescence mass.
According to Newton
mechanics and Kepler¡¯s law, the obtained angle is also
when calculating
the defluxions angle of photon in the gravitation field that is near the sun by
using formula (20). This result is very close to the observation result (
) ¢Ù. Thereby two points can be show: first, formula (20)
itself is correct; second, the photon has interior structure. Based on the
character of photon¡¯s interior structure, it can be deduced that the energy of
fixed star¡¯s light-wave produces the quantization attenuation during the
transmitting in the universe of length and breadth of land, thereby bring on
reducing of frequency---the red shift phenomenon of fixed star¡¯s spectrum. This
conclusion negates the existing explanation that Doppler¡¯s effect causes red
shift, thereby is disavowal of the modern cosmology of the big-bang model¢Ù,
etc.
Results
In conclusion, the generalized space-time
relativity not only overcomes the logic falsehood and concept error of
Einstein¡¯s theory, but also proves that the photon has the quiescence mass and
interior structures which are not null. Based on the interior structure of
photon, utilization of the photon¡¯s aging model explains reasonably the
unadulterated reason of the red shift phenomenal of stellar system spectrum,
thereby is disavowal of the cosmology of the big-bang model. The practice
proved that the Generalized space-time relativity is a new space-time theory
which is much more rigor in logic, and is much more broad in application.
References
¢ÙXiaXingguang, GENERALIZED SPACE-TIME RELATIVITY. The People¡¯s Communications Publishing House, Beijing, Jan. 2003. Pages:
141
142,
143
146,
164
190.