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 齐绩 （qiji8111@yahoo.com.cn） 2007.04
( School of Electronic Engineering ,Daqing
Petroleum Institute ,Daqing 163318,China.E-mail:
qiji8111@yahoo.com.cn
)
[Abstract]
Through analyzing a variety of physical phenomena ,the
author proposes that there exists a special kind of substance
—No-Shape-Substance .
The No-Shape-Substance is an actual
substance with mass in another state. The No-Shape-Substance is a more profound
element in the nature. The author believes that this matter is the medium through which light
propagates and the foundation on which all laws of motion can be built.
On the same foundation we can explain a great manyopticalexperiments
and phenomena,
such as Fizeau’s experiment, Michelson-Morley Experiment, the aberration
phenomenon, sagnac effect, and the like. We can also carry out a perfect
explan
ation to
manyfamous
experiments
,
like Eötvös experiment, Newton bucket, the diversification
of the constant of universal gravitation, the annihilation of an electron-positron
pair, the prolongation of the life-span of particle, law of refection, law of refraction
and so on. In addition, there is a new cognition on inertial mass, Newton’s second law, kinetic energy, mass-energy equation and momentum in the paper.
There is a general presentation to
No-Shape-Substance in this paper, as well as an elementary calculation of the
density and volume modulus of No-Shape-Substance. On the ground of the
calculation, we can get a profound understand on the influence of medium on the
velocity of light and that of temperature on the refractive index.
The comprehension on the No-Shape-Substance
will make people know the nature more objectively and thoroughly.
Keywords:
the No-Shape-Substance, refractive index, velocity of
light, volume modulus, density
1.
A Brief Introduction to the
No-Shape-Substance
No-Shape-Substance
In the natural world, apart from all kinds
of known substances, there exists largely a special kind of substance
—a No-Shape-Substance. For the purpose of distinction,
we call the matter that we have already known a Shape-Substance.
For example, an atom or an electron
is a Shape-Substance. If an electron is analogous to a big tree, a
No-Shape-Substance is analogous to the air that flows at will among the
branches of the tree. Different from the commonly known matter, a
No-Shape-Substance exists in another special state and is much tinier than the
common matter. To speak it visually, the No-Shape-Substance can travel through
the Shape-Substance as a ghost.
The universe is a huge ocean
full of No-Shape-Substance and all the Shape-Substance exists in the same
ocean. Since the No-Shape-Substance exists on a dispersed state, it
logically has density, which is usually denoted by S
.(The SI unit for density is kg/m3
.
)
Giving an example that is
familiar to us. When pulling a small ball in the glycerin, the glycerin on the
surface of the ball can be carried, while the glycerin attached closely to the
surface of the ball can be carried completely.
If the small ball is displaced
by a basketball or the earth, the influence on it will be different. The
greater the body, the more significant the influence on it.
Since there is an attracting
force between the Shape-Substance and the No-Shape-Substance, the movement of
the Shape-Substance can also carry the No- Shape-Substance. The bigger the
Shape-Substance, the greater its influence on the No-Shape-Substance in the
space. The nearer to the body, the greater the influence from the body to the
No-Shape-Substance in the space.
The
No-Shape-Substance on the Earth
 Well, let’s consider the earth at a
macroscopic angle. The earth is in an ocean of No-Shape-Substance. The movement
of the earth can carry the No-Shape-Substance near it.Moreover, the No-Shape-Substance is
completely carried by the earth on the earth’s surface while in the far
distance from the earth, the No-Shape-Substance can not be carried by the earth
at all.
In other words, on the earth’s surface, the
velocity of the No-Shape-Substance relative to the earth is zero, but in the
far distance it becomes 30 kilometers per second.
As shown in figure 1.1. The velocity of the
No-Shape-Substance relative to the earth increases from 0 to 30 kilometers per
second
gradually as the increase in the distance
from the earth.
This is the case that considering the
translational only. But the rotation of the earth can also drive the
No-Shape-Substance, which can make the No-Shape-Substance form a whirlpool.
Are the densities of the No-Shape-Substance
in the whole universe uniform? No. Because there is someattracting force between the Shape-Substance and the
No-Shape-Substance, the density of the No-Shape-Substance
is greater to some extent in the place where the Shape-Substance
has more accumulation.
That is, the density of the
No-Shape-Substance on the earth’s surface is greater than that of far away from
the earth.
The No-Shape-Substance can be superimposed.
The total density of the No-Shape-Substance in space equals the algebraic sum
of that of all objects.
The total density of the No-Shape-Substance
in space is
 (1.1)
We say that the No-Shape-Substance
is carried completely by the earth. Well then, when a train passes by us, is
the No-Shape-Substance driven obviously in the place where we are?
We know that the train is much smaller than
the earth. Whether the train exists or not, it puts little influence on the
state of the space where we are. The influence that the train exerts on the
No-Shape-Substance in the space where we are can be neglected completely. It is
the same in the carriage.
But it is a problem of another level
to the inside of the matter, such as water and glass, since it’s much nearer to
the molecule or the atom. The density of the No-Shape-Substance inside a body
cannot be neglected.
Inside water, the total density of
the No-Shape-Substance is the superposition of that of the vacuum in the earth’s
surface and that corresponding to the water. That is,
Where, S0 represents the density of
the No-Shape-Substance in the vacuum of the earth’s surface.
The Shape-Substance has a velocity relative
to a spatial reference system, and it is the same to the No-Shape-Substance.
The velocity of the total
No-Shape-Substance equals the full-weighted superposition of the velocity and
the density of every object in space. That is
，
(1.2)
Still we take the flow of water for example. Assumed that the water has a
velocity of 
relative to the spatial reference
system on the earth’s surface. Then, probe into the velocity of the
No-Shape-Substance inside the water relative to the spatial reference system on
the earth’s surface.
The velocity of the No-Shape-Substance corresponding to the earth is zero
relative to the earth’s surface. The No-Shape-Substance corresponding to the
flow of water moves together with the water; it’s velocity to the earth’s
surface is.
So the velocity of the total
No-Shape-Substance to the earth’s surface can be expressed as follows.
Vacuum
It has been thought for a long time that
there was nothing in an ideal vacuum, but this is not the actual case. What the
vacuum lacks is only the atmospheric molecules. In fact, there exists a large
amount of No-Shape-Substance in the vacuum space. And the wall of a vacuum
container will not block the move of the No-Shape-Substance.
If the vacuum is on the earth
’s surface, what is permeating in it is the
same No-Shape-Substance on the earth’s surface; wherefore the density of the
No-Shape-Substance in the vacuum is the same as that on the outside of the
vacuum, that
is S0.
However, if the vacuum is in the cosmic space, what is dispersing in it is the
No-Shape-Substance of its corresponding cosmic space; therefore the density of
the No-Shape-Substance in the vacuum is the same as that in the relevant cosmic
space.
Physical Laws
The space in which the No-Shape-Substance
exists is called the No-Shape-Substance Space or the Substance Space for short.
Opposite to the No-Shape-Substance Space, we call the virtual and flat space
the Mathematical Space.
All the motion laws of all
bodies depend on the total No-Shape-Substance space where it exists instead of the
absolute space.
Let us look at the following example. Here
we consider the condition that a fish swims in a river and the water flows in
relation to the bank. Well, to what is the force acting on the fish and its law
of motion related? The force acting on the fish and its law of motion are
closely related to the flow of water, but not to the mathematical reference
system based on the bank.
A body is analogous to the fish while the
No-Shape-Substance is analogous to the water; the motion laws of all bodies
depend on the No-Shape-Substance Space where it exists but not directly on the
Mathematical Space.
No-Shape-Substance is the
propagation medium of light and the propagating velocity of light relative to
the No-Shape-Substance is constant.
Bose-Einstein condensation
……
When atoms are cooled to an extremely low temperature,
they will produce unimaginable changes. The size of these atoms will increase
by several thousand times and their surfaces which are originally as clear as
the surface of a mirror become obscure. These atoms like ghosts penetrate
through one another without any deflection. Hundreds of thousands of atoms
overlap one another into a larger spherical body , which has many particular
properties.
……
Scientists make light travel through the
condensation body. As a result they find that the velocity at which the light
travels through the condensation body is a little more than 10 meters per
second, which is similar to the speed of a bicycle.
……
We
may say that such condensation is the transitional stage through which a
Shape-Substance converts into a No-Shape-Substance.
2.
Calculating the Density of
No-Shape-Substance
No-Shape-Substance is the
propagation medium of light and the propagating velocity of light relative to
the No-Shape-Substance is constant.
From the wave theory we can get the
propagating velocity of a wave  is:
 or
 or
where,  and  are
the shear modulus and the elastic modulus of a solid respectively, is the
volume modulus of a liquid or a gas while  is the density of the
medium.
In a word, no matter in a solid or in a
liquid, the propagating velocity of a wave is always in direct proportion to
the square root of the modulus of the medium and is inversely proportional to
the square root of the density of the medium.
Because the No-Shape-Substance is the propagation
medium of light, we can get the following relation between the speed of light  and the
density of the No-Shape-Substance  :
(1.3)
Wherein, S is the density of the
No-Shape-Substance, W is the volume modulus of it (The SI unit of
modulus is N/m2).
As we all know, the speed of light in
other medium such as glass and water is lower than that in a vacuum. How should
we explain these physical facts?
If we look at it from the viewpoint of the
No-Shape-Substance, it will become quite easy for us to understand.
In the vacuum near the earth’s surface, the
density of the No-Shape-Substance is that of the earth’s surface S0.
Then the velocity of light in the vacuum near the earth’s surface is:
 (1.4)
In the water, the total density of
No-Shape-Substance is the sum of the density of the No-Shape-Substance in the
vacuum near the earth’s surface and the density of the No-Shape-Substance
relating to the water. That is:
Then the speed of the light in the water
is:
 (1.5)
In such medium as the glass or the water,
because the density of the No-Shape-Substance is larger than that in the
vacuum, the speed of light is naturally lower than that in the vacuum.
When the temperature is absolute
zero, the condensation comes into being, the Shape-Substance is translated into
No-Shape-Substance almost completely. The density of the No-Shape-Substance is
much larger than that in the vacuum of the earth surface, so the propagating
velocity of light in the condensation is smaller.
In the following, the density of
No-Shape-Substance in the water is calculated by some basic constants, such as
refractive indices, densities of water under different temperature.
Furthermore, the density of No-Shape-Substance on the earth surface is deduced elementarily.
Based on the relationship between the
refractive index and velocity of light, we get:
Substituting
c and cW
with the equation (1.4) and
(1.5) respectively, we can get:
（1.6）
From
this equation, we can get the density ratios of No-Shape-Substance in the water
and that in the vacuum of the earth surface under different temperature.
Table 1.
Refractive Indices of the Water and Ice under Different Temperature
t/
℃
|
Pure Water
|
t/
℃
|
|
t/
℃
|
Pure Water
|
0
5
10
12
14
15
16
18
|
（Ice）1.313
1.33395
1.33388
1.33369
1.33359
1.33348
1.33341
1.33333
1.33317
|
20
22
24
26
28
30
32
34
36
|
1.33299
1.33281
1.33262
1.33241
1.33219
1.33192
1.33164
1.33136
1.33107
|
38
40
42
44
46
48
50
52
54
|
1.33079
1.33051
1.33023
1.32992
1.32959
1.32927
1.32894
1.32860
1.32827
|
From the table 2, we know that the density
of No-Shape-Substance in the water is reducing while the temperature is
increasing.
It is worth noticing that the density of
the water is changing while the temperature is changing. When the density
of water is known, according to
the equation , we can calculate out the mass of
No-Shape-Substance corresponding to the water of certain mass under different
temperature.
Table 2.  under Different Temperature
t/℃
|
Pure Water
|
t/℃
|
Pure Water
|
t/℃
|
Pure Water
|
0
5
10
12
14
15
16
18
|
（Ice）0.723969
0.779422603
0.779235853
0.778729016
0.778462288
0.778168910
0.777982228
0.777768889
0.777342249
|
20
22
24
26
28
30
32
34
36
|
0.776862340
0.776382496
0.775876064
0.775316408
0.774730196
0.774010886
0.773265090
0.772519450
0.771747345
|
38
40
42
44
46
48
50
52
54
|
0.771002024
0.770256860
0.769511853
0.768687206
0.767809568
0.766958733
0.766081524
0.765177960
0.764301193
|
Table 3. The Mass of
No-Shape-Substance Corresponding to 1kg Water or Ice [S010-3(kg)]
t/℃
|
Pure Water
|
t/℃
|
Pure Water
|
t/℃
|
Pure Water
|
0
5
10
12
14
15
16
18
|
（Ice）0.789497273
0.779547330
0.779259230
0.778962704
0.778851714
0.778760768
0.778683042
0.778594198
0.778432053
|
20
22
24
26
28
30
32
34
36
|
0.778263213
0.778117698
0.777976600
0.777820991
0.777661981
0.777395667
0.777127413
0.776893359
0.776647993
|
38
40
42
44
46
48
50
52
54
|
0.776460541
0.776296446
0.776155746
0.775957931
0.775729769
0.775544005
0.775354767
0.775162047
0.775011856
|
From the table
3, we know that the mass of No-Shape-Substance corresponding to water or ice of
certain mass is changing following the change of temperature. The mass of
No-Shape-Substance is stepping down, when the temperature is increasing.
Especially in the converting process of ice to water, the decrement of No-Shape-Substance
is larger.
We have
probed into the following conclusion in the discussion of mass-energy relation
in New Physics.
No-Shape-Substance is corresponding to a
state of energy. It’s a state with low energy, which is a hiding state. While
Shape-Substance is corresponding to another state of energy. That is a state
with high energy, which is an uncovering state.
We demonstrate the state with low energy
by 0, which is corresponded with No-Shape-Substance, while 1 demonstrating the
state with high energy of Shape-Substance.
When transforming No-Shape-Substance to
Shape-Substance, the matter is changed from a hiding state to an uncovering
one. This is a process of heat absorbing. The energy absorbed and the mass
transformed satisfy mass-energy equation .
Oppositely, energy is released when
Shape-Substance is changed into No-Shape-Substance. The matter is changed from
an uncovering state to a hiding one. Then the energy released and the mass
transformed also satisfy mass-energy equation as above.
Energy is conservational and so
is mass. But the process of the transformation of matter’s state is accompanied
with energy absorbing or releasing.
From the table
3, we can get the following conclusion. One reason for absorbing energy in the
process of increasing temperature is that there are amount of
No-Shape-Substance being translated into Shape-Substance when the temperature
is increased. Another reason is the increase of the kinetic energy of
molecules.
But why
there is much more heat of solution in the translating process of ice to water?
That is because more No-Shape-Substance is translated into Shape-Substance when
ice is translated into water. If we ignore the change of energy just as kinetic
energy of molecules, we can calculate the density S
0of No-Shape-Substance
in the earth surface.
When 1kg of ice translates into 1kg of water, the mass of Shape-Substance translated from No-Shape-Substance is:
The absorbing
heat in this process is:
According to
mass-energy equation
, we can get
Now let’s calculate volume
module W of No-Shape-Substance.
The velocity
of light in the vaccum of the earth surface is  , we get
From experimental laws, we
know that there will be more Shape-Substance translated into No-Shape-Substance
when the temperature is lower.
When the temperature of
Shape-Substance is absolute zero, it can meet the demand of forming Bose-Einstein
condensation. So Shape-Substance will be changed into No-Shape-Substance
completely. In this case, the density of No-Shape-Substance is much larger than
that in the earth surface, so the propagating speed of light in condensation is
smaller.
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