( School of Electronic Engineering ,Daqing Petroleum Institute ,Daqing 163318,China.E-mail: qiji8111@yahoo.com.cn )

[Abstract] Through analyzing a variety of physical phenomena ,the author proposes that there exists a special kind of substance —No-Shape-Substance .

The No-Shape-Substance is an actual substance with mass in another state. The No-Shape-Substance is a more profound element in the nature. The author believes that this matter is the medium through which light propagates and the foundation on which all laws of motion can be built. On the same foundation we can explain a great manyopticalexperiments and phenomena, such as Fizeau’s experiment, Michelson-Morley Experiment, the aberration phenomenon, sagnac effect, and the like. We can also carry out a perfect explan ation to manyfamous experiments , like Eötvös experiment, Newton bucket, the diversification of the constant of universal gravitation, the annihilation of an electron-positron pair, the prolongation of the life-span of particle, law of refection, law of refraction and so on. In addition, there is a new cognition on inertial mass, Newton’s second law, kinetic energy, mass-energy equation and momentum in the paper.

There is a general presentation to No-Shape-Substance in this paper, as well as an elementary calculation of the density and volume modulus of No-Shape-Substance. On the ground of the calculation, we can get a profound understand on the influence of medium on the velocity of light and that of temperature on the refractive index.

The comprehension on the No-Shape-Substance will make people know the nature more objectively and thoroughly.

Keywords: the No-Shape-Substance, refractive index, velocity of light, volume modulus, density

1. A Brief Introduction to the No-Shape-Substance

No-Shape-Substance

In the natural world, apart from all kinds of known substances, there exists largely a special kind of substance —a No-Shape-Substance. For the purpose of distinction, we call the matter that we have already known a Shape-Substance.

For example, an atom or an electron is a Shape-Substance. If an electron is analogous to a big tree, a No-Shape-Substance is analogous to the air that flows at will among the branches of the tree. Different from the commonly known matter, a No-Shape-Substance exists in another special state and is much tinier than the common matter. To speak it visually, the No-Shape-Substance can travel through the Shape-Substance as a ghost.

The universe is a huge ocean full of No-Shape-Substance and all the Shape-Substance exists in the same ocean. Since the No-Shape-Substance exists on a dispersed state, it logically has density, which is usually denoted by S .(The SI unit for density is kg/m³ . )

Giving an example that is familiar to us. When pulling a small ball in the glycerin, the glycerin on the surface of the ball can be carried, while the glycerin attached closely to the surface of the ball can be carried completely.

If the small ball is displaced by a basketball or the earth, the influence on it will be different. The greater the body, the more significant the influence on it.

Since there is an attracting force between the Shape-Substance and the No-Shape-Substance, the movement of the Shape-Substance can also carry the No- Shape-Substance. The bigger the Shape-Substance, the greater its influence on the No-Shape-Substance in the space. The nearer to the body, the greater the influence from the body to the No-Shape-Substance in the space.

The No-Shape-Substance on the Earth

Well, let’s consider the earth at a macroscopic angle. The earth is in an ocean of No-Shape-Substance. The movement of the earth can carry the No-Shape-Substance near it.Moreover, the No-Shape-Substance is completely carried by the earth on the earth’s surface while in the far distance from the earth, the No-Shape-Substance can not be carried by the earth at all.

In other words, on the earth’s surface, the velocity of the No-Shape-Substance relative to the earth is zero, but in the far distance it becomes 30 kilometers per second.

As shown in figure 1.1. The velocity of the No-Shape-Substance relative to the earth increases from 0 to 30 kilometers per second gradually as the increase in the distance from the earth.

This is the case that considering the translational only. But the rotation of the earth can also drive the No-Shape-Substance, which can make the No-Shape-Substance form a whirlpool.

Are the densities of the No-Shape-Substance in the whole universe uniform? No. Because there is someattracting force between the Shape-Substance and the No-Shape-Substance, the density of the No-Shape-Substance is greater to some extent in the place where the Shape-Substance has more accumulation.

That is, the density of the No-Shape-Substance on the earth’s surface is greater than that of far away from the earth.

The No-Shape-Substance can be superimposed. The total density of the No-Shape-Substance in space equals the algebraic sum of that of all objects.

The total density of the No-Shape-Substance in space is

(1.1)

We say that the No-Shape-Substance is carried completely by the earth. Well then, when a train passes by us, is the No-Shape-Substance driven obviously in the place where we are?

We know that the train is much smaller than the earth. Whether the train exists or not, it puts little influence on the state of the space where we are. The influence that the train exerts on the No-Shape-Substance in the space where we are can be neglected completely. It is the same in the carriage.

But it is a problem of another level to the inside of the matter, such as water and glass, since it’s much nearer to the molecule or the atom. The density of the No-Shape-Substance inside a body cannot be neglected.

Inside water, the total density of the No-Shape-Substance is the superposition of that of the vacuum in the earth’s surface and that corresponding to the water. That is,

Where, S₀ represents the density of the No-Shape-Substance in the vacuum of the earth’s surface.

The Shape-Substance has a velocity relative to a spatial reference system, and it is the same to the No-Shape-Substance.

The velocity of the total No-Shape-Substance equals the full-weighted superposition of the velocity and the density of every object in space. That is ，

(1.2)

Still we take the flow of water for example. Assumed that the water has a velocity of relative to the spatial reference system on the earth’s surface. Then, probe into the velocity of the No-Shape-Substance inside the water relative to the spatial reference system on the earth’s surface.

The velocity of the No-Shape-Substance corresponding to the earth is zero relative to the earth’s surface. The No-Shape-Substance corresponding to the flow of water moves together with the water; it’s velocity to the earth’s surface is. So the velocity of the total No-Shape-Substance to the earth’s surface can be expressed as follows.

Vacuum

It has been thought for a long time that there was nothing in an ideal vacuum, but this is not the actual case. What the vacuum lacks is only the atmospheric molecules. In fact, there exists a large amount of No-Shape-Substance in the vacuum space. And the wall of a vacuum container will not block the move of the No-Shape-Substance.

If the vacuum is on the earth ’s surface, what is permeating in it is the same No-Shape-Substance on the earth’s surface; wherefore the density of the No-Shape-Substance in the vacuum is the same as that on the outside of the vacuum, that is S₀. However, if the vacuum is in the cosmic space, what is dispersing in it is the No-Shape-Substance of its corresponding cosmic space; therefore the density of the No-Shape-Substance in the vacuum is the same as that in the relevant cosmic space.

Physical Laws

The space in which the No-Shape-Substance exists is called the No-Shape-Substance Space or the Substance Space for short. Opposite to the No-Shape-Substance Space, we call the virtual and flat space the Mathematical Space.

All the motion laws of all bodies depend on the total No-Shape-Substance space where it exists instead of the absolute space.

Let us look at the following example. Here we consider the condition that a fish swims in a river and the water flows in relation to the bank. Well, to what is the force acting on the fish and its law of motion related? The force acting on the fish and its law of motion are closely related to the flow of water, but not to the mathematical reference system based on the bank.

A body is analogous to the fish while the No-Shape-Substance is analogous to the water; the motion laws of all bodies depend on the No-Shape-Substance Space where it exists but not directly on the Mathematical Space.

No-Shape-Substance is the propagation medium of light and the propagating velocity of light relative to the No-Shape-Substance is constant.

Bose-Einstein condensation

……

When atoms are cooled to an extremely low temperature, they will produce unimaginable changes. The size of these atoms will increase by several thousand times and their surfaces which are originally as clear as the surface of a mirror become obscure. These atoms like ghosts penetrate through one another without any deflection. Hundreds of thousands of atoms overlap one another into a larger spherical body , which has many particular properties.

……

Scientists make light travel through the condensation body. As a result they find that the velocity at which the light travels through the condensation body is a little more than 10 meters per second, which is similar to the speed of a bicycle.

……

We may say that such condensation is the transitional stage through which a Shape-Substance converts into a No-Shape-Substance.

2. Calculating the Density of No-Shape-Substance

No-Shape-Substance is the propagation medium of light and the propagating velocity of light relative to the No-Shape-Substance is constant.

From the wave theory we can get the propagating velocity of a wave is:

or or

where, and are the shear modulus and the elastic modulus of a solid respectively, is the volume modulus of a liquid or a gas while is the density of the medium.

In a word, no matter in a solid or in a liquid, the propagating velocity of a wave is always in direct proportion to the square root of the modulus of the medium and is inversely proportional to the square root of the density of the medium.

Because the No-Shape-Substance is the propagation medium of light, we can get the following relation between the speed of light and the density of the No-Shape-Substance :

(1.3)

Wherein, S is the density of the No-Shape-Substance, W is the volume modulus of it (The SI unit of modulus is N/m²).

As we all know, the speed of light in other medium such as glass and water is lower than that in a vacuum. How should we explain these physical facts?

If we look at it from the viewpoint of the No-Shape-Substance, it will become quite easy for us to understand.

In the vacuum near the earth’s surface, the density of the No-Shape-Substance is that of the earth’s surface S₀. Then the velocity of light in the vacuum near the earth’s surface is:

(1.4)

In the water, the total density of No-Shape-Substance is the sum of the density of the No-Shape-Substance in the vacuum near the earth’s surface and the density of the No-Shape-Substance relating to the water. That is:

Then the speed of the light in the water is:

(1.5)

In such medium as the glass or the water, because the density of the No-Shape-Substance is larger than that in the vacuum, the speed of light is naturally lower than that in the vacuum.

When the temperature is absolute zero, the condensation comes into being, the Shape-Substance is translated into No-Shape-Substance almost completely. The density of the No-Shape-Substance is much larger than that in the vacuum of the earth surface, so the propagating velocity of light in the condensation is smaller.

In the following, the density of No-Shape-Substance in the water is calculated by some basic constants, such as refractive indices, densities of water under different temperature. Furthermore, the density of No-Shape-Substance on the earth surface is deduced elementarily.

Based on the relationship between the refractive index and velocity of light, we get:

Substituting c and c_W with the equation (1.4) and (1.5) respectively, we can get:

（1.6）

From this equation, we can get the density ratios of No-Shape-Substance in the water and that in the vacuum of the earth surface under different temperature.

Table 1. Refractive Indices of the Water and Ice under Different Temperature

From the table 2, we know that the density of No-Shape-Substance in the water is reducing while the temperature is increasing.

It is worth noticing that the density of the water is changing while the temperature is changing. When the density of water is known, according to the equation, we can calculate out the mass of No-Shape-Substance corresponding to the water of certain mass under different temperature.

Table 2. under Different Temperature

Table 3. The Mass of No-Shape-Substance Corresponding to 1kg Water or Ice [S₀10^-3(kg)]

From the table 3, we know that the mass of No-Shape-Substance corresponding to water or ice of certain mass is changing following the change of temperature. The mass of No-Shape-Substance is stepping down, when the temperature is increasing. Especially in the converting process of ice to water, the decrement of No-Shape-Substance is larger.

We have probed into the following conclusion in the discussion of mass-energy relation in New Physics.

No-Shape-Substance is corresponding to a state of energy. It’s a state with low energy, which is a hiding state. While Shape-Substance is corresponding to another state of energy. That is a state with high energy, which is an uncovering state.

We demonstrate the state with low energy by 0, which is corresponded with No-Shape-Substance, while 1 demonstrating the state with high energy of Shape-Substance.

When transforming No-Shape-Substance to Shape-Substance, the matter is changed from a hiding state to an uncovering one. This is a process of heat absorbing. The energy absorbed and the mass transformed satisfy mass-energy equation.

Oppositely, energy is released when Shape-Substance is changed into No-Shape-Substance. The matter is changed from an uncovering state to a hiding one. Then the energy released and the mass transformed also satisfy mass-energy equation as above.

Energy is conservational and so is mass. But the process of the transformation of matter’s state is accompanied with energy absorbing or releasing.

From the table 3, we can get the following conclusion. One reason for absorbing energy in the process of increasing temperature is that there are amount of No-Shape-Substance being translated into Shape-Substance when the temperature is increased. Another reason is the increase of the kinetic energy of molecules.

But why there is much more heat of solution in the translating process of ice to water? That is because more No-Shape-Substance is translated into Shape-Substance when ice is translated into water. If we ignore the change of energy just as kinetic energy of molecules, we can calculate the density S ₀of No-Shape-Substance in the earth surface.

When 1kg of ice translates into 1kg of water, the mass of Shape-Substance translated from No-Shape-Substance is:

The absorbing heat in this process is:

According to mass-energy equation , we can get

Now let’s calculate volume module W of No-Shape-Substance.

The velocity of light in the vaccum of the earth surface is , we get

From experimental laws, we know that there will be more Shape-Substance translated into No-Shape-Substance when the temperature is lower.

When the temperature of Shape-Substance is absolute zero, it can meet the demand of forming Bose-Einstein condensation. So Shape-Substance will be changed into No-Shape-Substance completely. In this case, the density of No-Shape-Substance is much larger than that in the earth surface, so the propagating speed of light in condensation is smaller.

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