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( School of Electronic Engineering ,Daqing Petroleum Institute, Daqing 163318,China.E-mail:qiji8111@yahoo.com.cn ) [Abstract]Through analyzing a variety of physical phenomena ,the author proposes that there exists a special kind of substance —No-Shape-Substance . In the last three papers, the properties of No-Shape-Substance are introduced, as well as an elementary calculation to the density and volume modulus of it. We have given out a commendably explanation on many a optical experiments and phenomena, such as Fizeau’s experiment, sagnac effect, Michelson-Morley experiment, Millar experiment, the aberration phenomenon, Ariy’s experiment and the like. In addition, we have got a newer and better understanding of physical laws or concepts as inertial mass, Newton’s Second Law, kinetic energy equation, mass-energy equation and momentum. In this paper, we will discuss more profoundly on time, space, universal gravitation, Coulomb force, magnetic force, the theory of relativity, the prolongation of the life-span of a moving particle, and the like. We are trying to make basic physical laws more exactly and more clear. Keywords:Time; Space; Universal gravitation;Magnetic force; Field
1. The Objectivity of Time What is time? Time is just as an immensely long river flowing from the antiquity to the future. The Analects of Confucius says: It was by a stream that the Master said --Thus do things flow away!’.
Time is like a rushing river ceaselessly on the move. It’s like the water of Yellow River from the sky, which flushes into the sea without ever turning around. But how can Yellow River whose flow is always break compare with time? Time is like the sun and stars in the sky, rising in the east and setting in the west day after day. Time is like the immense Milky Way, going round and round ceaselessly forever. But the Milky Way cannot compare with the huge time either. Lei Yuanxing said that, the gear wheel of time joggles the whole universe and drives all galaxies to hover to the everlasting future. And Newton has ever said that ‘The absolute, real or mathematical time, itself and to the extent of its nature, always lapses uniformly, having nothing to do with any outside body.’
Time is the most essential objective being in the universe, or time is the reflection of the total existence and changes in the whole universe. Time is the most essential foundation stone of the physics. The movements of a trivial object, a star or even a galaxy, absolutely cannot change the objective state of time. Time is our sole measurement tool for theprocess of universal existence and changes. Of course, this kind of measurement is regulated by a time system on the earth’s surface familiar to us. Even though a particle’s motion or clocks’ ticking in different gravitational fields may slow, time doesn’t. We can completely describe these changes within a uniform and objective time system.
[The Prolongation of the Life-span of A Moving Particle]……
There are a number of high-speed
…… How should we explain the problem in this experiment?
It is the high-speed motion of a life-span of
the As shown in
figure 1.1, similarly, made up of smaller mass units and the
mutual collisions among these mass units cause the disintegration of the
We will estimate the life span of a When a
Where
When substituting
But the life span of a What we can see from the above is that although the theoretical value to some extent approached the experimental value, there exists larger error between them.
Well, why the theoretical value is larger than the experimental value? Let us
look at the following analysis. Because the ……
In 1966, on the earth’s surface people made the
As a result, they measured the life span of the ……
Now we theoretically calculate the value of the life span of the The result is
We can see from this that the theoretical value agrees with the experimental value well. Time, which is objective and absolute, is the foundation on which we learn the nature. The life span of a moving particle extends, which dose not prove the timedilates but shows that the self-reaction of the particle becomes slow after its moving at a high speed relative to the corresponding No-Shape-Substance Space where it exists.
2. Substantial Space and Mathematical Space What is a space? Space is just like a great container wherein all the matters in the universe are located. Plato has said that ‘Space, as a third party besides existence and changes, is existed before the existence of the world.……It is like a matrix that supplies a concourse for the formation of everything on earth.’ Newton has ever said that ‘The absolute space will never change or move. It’s the nature of the space. It is an independent aseity and has nothing to with other things.’ Space, time and substance are all the basic objective elements existing in the universe. Space is another being out of substance; it is the place where substance exists. Length is a measurement of space while a reference frame is a description on it. How can space bend if there is nothing in it? Furthermore, how can space change its status because of movements of other things? We have given these concepts in our previous discussions. The space in which the No-Shape-Substance exists is called the No-Shape-Substance Space or the Substance Space for short. Opposite to the No-Shape-Substance Space, we call the virtual and flat space in classical physics the Mathematical Space. The No-Shape-Substance can move relatively to a mathematical space reference frame. It is, the Substance Space can move relatively to it. But all the motion laws of all bodies depend on the total No-Shape-Substance space where it exists; they do not depend on the absolute space.
[Newton’s Bucket Experiment] …… Newton had ever demonstrated the existence of the absolute space with his famous water bucket experiment. The experiment works like this: When the bucket which was filled with water rotated but the water inside it didn’t move, the surface of the water is a plane as if the bucket was not rotated. But at last there appeared a concave on the water surface when the water inside the bucket rotated together with the bucket. The experiment indicates that the water surface remains a smooth plane when the water is immobile no matter whether the water moves relatively to the bucket or not. But the water surface remains a concave when the water rotates regardless of its state relative to the bucket. If we set up a mathematical reference system on the internal wall of the bucket, the physical law will conflict with the experimental fact. 1) At the beginning, the bucket had rotated but the water inside not. The water rotated relative to the reference frame in which the bucket was, so the water was acted upon by a centrifugal force, and the water surface should be a concave. ——But in fact, the water surface in this case remained flat. 2) When the water inside rotated with the bucket, there is no relative motion to the reference frame in which the bucket was. The water was not acted upon by a centrifugal force, so the water surface should remain flat. ——But in fact, the water surface became concave.
In the face of such a conflict, Newton said that, this just proved the existence of an absolute space. According to the water surface being flat or concave, we can determine whether the water is immobile or rotational relative to the absolute space. We say that physical laws of a body depend on the total No-Shape-Substance space where the body is located, but do not depend on the absolute space. Then how should we interpret Newton’s water bucket experiment? As we all know, the density of the No-Shape-Substance in the water bucket is very small as compared with the density of the No-Shape-Substance around the earth. Therefore, whether the bucket is moving or not, it exerts little influence on the total No-Shape-Substance .The total No-Shape-Substance can be completely denoted by the No-Shape-Substance of the earth. When the water in the bucket doesn’t rotate with respect to the earth, it is also not rotating with respect to the total No-Shape-Substance Space. Therefore, the water in the bucket is free of any centrifugal force and as a result the surface of the water remains a plane. But when the water rotates relative to the earth, it also rotates relative to the total No-Shape-Substance Space. At the same time, the water will be acted on by a centrifugal force and thus the surface of the water appears a concave.
[The Simplest Logical and Experimental Facts] Let us look at the basic physical facts as follows. The electric charge that is stationary to the earth’s surface doesn’t produce magnetic field, while the moving one produces it. If the physical laws are built on the reference frame and the theory of relativity is right, we get the following conclusion. That is, the electric charge that is stationary to the inertial reference system doesn’t produce magnetic field, while the electric charge that is moving relative to the inertial reference system produces it. Well then, we analyze a simplest problem according to the theory of relativity. That is, does the electric charge produce magnetic field, when it moves relative to the earth’s surface? It is moving to the reference system of the earth’s surface, so it produces magnetic field. But it is immobile to the reference system of itself, thus it can’t produce magnetic field. Well then, whether it produces magnetic field or not? Obviously, they are incompatible mutually. Professor Zhu Yongqiang from Department of Physics of FuDan University in Shanghai, conducted some experiments on this problem. The experiment is as follows. In the experimental installation, an observing system was made to be stationary relative to a charged body. We probed into that if there was a magnetic field existing near the charged body, when the observing system and the charged body moved at the same speed or acceleration. When the experimental installation was at rest on the earth’s surface, the receiving magnetic signal was zero. But when it moved at a uniform speed relative to the earth’s surface, the receiving magnetic signal was significant.
According to the theory of relativity, the charge that is at rest in an inertial reference system cannot produce magnetic field. But in the experiment, the observing system that was stationary to the charge detected a magnetic field, when the charge moved relative to the earth’s surface.
Another experiment on smashed electromagnetic wave conducted by Professor Zhu Yongqiang is like this: In this experiment, Professor Zhu Yongqiang made an exact instrument. It mainly included a transmitting device and an amplifying-receiving device. The transmitting device could produce smashed electromagnetic wave, and the amplifying-receiving device could display the strength of the received smashed electromagnetic wave. The receiving strength was independent of the direction of the instrument, when the installation was stationary on the earth’s surface. But in a moving reference system, the receiving strength had much to do with it.
[Cosmic Background Radiation and the New Ether Drift]
This experiment was conducted by
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory in the year of 1976
to 1977, using an …… A curious radiation that bathes the earth almost uniformly from every direction has turned out to be a unique source of information about the nature and history of the universe. The isotropic three-degree radiation is a background in front of which all astrophysical objects lie. …… It is known that the temperature of the three-degree background radiation varies by about a tenth of a percent across the sky, with the hottest region being in the direction of the constellation Leo and the coolest in the direction of Aquarius. The temperature varies smoothly between these two regions, following a simple cosine curve. This distinctive pattern (“the great cosine in the sky”) leads us to identify the velocity of the solar system as the cause of the anisotropy. …… There can be only one inertial frame in any region of space where the background radiation is completely isotropic. In any other frame an observer’s motion will reveal itself as a variation in the temperature of the radiation proportional to the velocity of the observer and to the cosine of the angle between his direction of motion and the direction of observation. Physicist P.J.E.Peebles corrected identified the term “the new ether drift” to describe the expected motion. …… The above experiments and plenty of electromagnetic facts all illuminate that physical laws cannot be established on the vain mathematical spatial reference. What is a reference? It is just a mathematical model used to solve problems. It is not in existence. Is there any inevitable relation between physical laws and mathematical spatial reference? It is an essential error of physics to establish physical laws on a vainly mathematical spatial reference. So we must throw away this farfetched relation. If only physical laws were established on the foundation of matter, physical laws would be more natural. 3. Universal Gravitation and Coulomb ForcesWe know, macroscopically, only through a certain body can the interactive forces travel among different objects. Similarly we know that the universal gravitation between the objects as well as the Coulomb force between the electric charges, cannot travel unless through a certain tangible body. Now since we have learned what the No-Shape-Substance is, we conclude that the universal gravitation between any two objects travels through the No-Shape-Substance; and also the Coulomb force between any two electric charges also travels through the No-Shape-Substance. ……
To measure the gravitational constant
between any two objects, scientists conducted geophysical experiments in the
vacuum in the sea, mine well or drill well. The obtained constant is higher
than the value measured in the laboratory on the earth’s surface. The
gravitational constant they got in laboratory was The difference between these two measured values has been puzzling the scientists since both are measured in an environment of vacuum. …… Well, what caused the obvious difference between the two measured values on earth? We believe it was caused by the different densities of the No-Shape-Substance. As stated above, the universal gravitation between any two objects is passed on by the No-Shape-Substance. However, the magnitude of the universal gravitation between any two objects associates with the density of the No-Shape-Substance where the two objects are located. Because the general distribution of the matter constituting the earth is closer to the vacuum space that exists in drill well, mine well or in the sea, and the density of the No-Shape-Substance in such vacuum space is larger than that in the laboratory on the earth’s surface, the corresponding constant in such space is a little larger.
Is there magnetic charge in nature? Some people have been exploring the problem. In my opinion, there are no magnetic charges in nature and the magnetic force is the interplay among the electric charges moving relatively to the No-Shape-Substance Space. Here we take a familiar example. When two boats move side by side in the same direction in a river, the stream of water there will produce a force to push the two boats closer, but such force will not arise when the two boats are at rest in the water. When the electrical charges are at rest in the total No-Shape-Substance Space, there exists only the Coulomb forces among them and the magnetic forces will not exist among them. However, when the electric charges move relatively to the total No-Shape-Substance Space, magnetic forces will arise among them. When the electrical charges are at rest in the total No-Shape-Substance Space, it cannot produce magnetic field; but when the electric charges move relatively to the total No-Shape-Substance Space, there will be a magnetic field. The vibration of an electric charge will cause the vibration of the No-Shape-Substance around it and thus produce electromagnetic wave.
[Is a Filed a Substance?] Nowadays there is a popular belief that a field is just a substance. Many people believe this kind of rationale. But in fact it’s still a problem of indistinct physical concepts.
Taking electric field for
example. What’s the definition of the electric field strength
If a probing point
electric charge of
That is, the electric
field strength There will be electric force acting on a unit positive charge. Does it exist without the charge? Of course not. So the electric field is the mathematical description of electric forces that a unit positive charge feels at different points in the space. Because of the force among charges, the definition of electric field came into being. But when people were asked why there were forces, they answered that it was electric force, being assured and bold with justice. What a simple error on logic they have made!
How does the Coulomb force among charges act? How does the universal gravitation among bodies? All these actions are transferred by the existent No-Shape-Substance.
Reference [1] Ji Qi. New Physics[M[. Harbin: Publishing House of NortheastForestry University , 2006. [2] Guangjiong Ni, Hongfang Li. Modern Physics[M]. Shanghai: Shanghai Science and Technology Publishing Company, 1979. [3] Shujie Tan, Hua Wang. Important Experiments on Physics[M]. Science and Technology Literature Company, 1987. [4] Yiling Guo, Huijun Shen. Famous Classical Physics Experiments[M]. Beijing: Beijing Science and Technology Publishing Company, 1991. [5] Yuanxing Lei. Big Chaos ofTtime-space[M]. Chengdu: Sichuan Science and Technology Publishing Company, 1991. [6] Einstein Collected Edition. Hunan Science and Technology Publishing Company, 2002. [7] Richard A.Muller. The Cosmic Background Radiation and the New Aether Drift[J], SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN , 1978 ,238 (5) :64~74. [8] Yongqiang Zhu, et al. Characteristics and Applications of Smashed Electromagnetic Wave[J]. Journal of Physics, 2001, 5: 832~836.
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齐绩 （qiji8111@yahoo.com.cn） 上传2007.04
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mesons within the cosmic
rays from the outer space. In an experiment conducted at the top of a mountain
with 1910 meters high in 1963, the number of the 
10 
This time is four times as long as the half- life (
) of an
immobile
after their flying through a distance
of 1907 meters. However, the practical number acquired from the experiment is
408. This clearly indicates that the half-life of a moving
times as
much as the inertial mass of each mass unit of an immobile
is the life span of a moving 
is
that of an immobile 
in the experiment into the above
equation, we obtain
.
.
airplane at a height more than 15000m.
, while the average value of geophysical
measurements is
.
?
feels an electric force of
, then the electric field
strength 