1. Basic Conceptions of Physics

Before analyzing any physical laws, let’s make our basic concepts clear first.

Newtonhas said, “The absolute space is essentially independent of any outside body and remains equivalent and motionless forever.”

“The absolute, real or mathematical time, itself and to the extent of its nature, always lapses uniformly, having nothing to do with any outside body. ”

Time and space are the standards and scales for people to learn the world, and meanwhile they are also the unshakable cornerstones of physics. My view of space-time is compatible with that of Newton’s classical physics. Time exists objectively and it always lapses uniformly having nothing to do with any outside body.

The mathematical space is essentially independent of any outside body and remains equivalent and motionless forever. The speed follows the superposition principle of Galileo. Both mass (gravitational mass) and energy are conservative and cannot be converted into each other.

But the unique point on which I don’t agree with Newton’s classical physics is that, what the laws of motion of a body depend on is not the absolute space but the total No-Shape-Substance Space in which the body exists.

In the foregoing I have given an example about the fish swimming in water and the water flowing with reference to the bank.

No-Shape-Substance is the propagation medium of light and the propagating velocity of light relative to the No-Shape-Substance is constant.

2. Explanation to Some Famous Physical Experiments

2.1 Fizeau’s Experiment

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In 1851, Fizeau conducted a very sensitive experiment. It shows that water could slow down the motion of light. Light in water would move at a lower velocity.

As shown in figure 1.1. The light emitted by the lamphouse S is divided into two beams of light when passing through M. One is reflected subsequently by M₃, M₂, M₁, and then is reflected again by M into T. Meanwhile, the other beam permeates M and then is reflected subsequently by M₁, M₂ and M₃, and at last arrives at T permeating M. When traveling through the flowing water in the level tube, the former travels in the direction opposite to the direction of the flowing water, while the latter travels in the same direction as that of the flowing water. At last, the two beams of light interfere in T.

At the beginning of the experiment, we designate the speed of the flowing water in the level tube as zero. Because the two beams of light have the same traveling distance, the interference fringes are bright. Then when we increase the speed v of the flowing water in the level tube gradually, we will observe that the interference fringes change alternatively between bright fringes and dark ones, which shows that the speed of light in the flowing water changes when the light propagates in different direction from that of the flowing water. Furthermore, we can establish the velocity of the light propagating in the water relative to the earth.

Note that the velocity of the light propagating in the water relative to the earth in Fizeau’s experiment is:

(1.1)

Where, n is the refractive index of water, the plus sign “+” applies the condition that light travels in the same direction as that of the flowing water in the tube, the subtraction sign “-” applies the condition that light travels in the opposite direction to that of the flowing water in the tube.

The dragging coefficient of water obtained from Fizeau’s experiment is , with its value smaller than 1.

It shows that water can carry light but not completely.

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How to understand Fizeau’s experiments? How can water carry light?

No-Shape-Substance is the propagation medium of light and the propagating velocity of light relative to the No-Shape-Substance is constant.

It is water that carries the No-Shape-Substance. So water can also carry light.

In the vacuum near the earth’s surface, the total No-Shape-Substance has no motion relative to the earth reference system and its density, denoted by S₀, is uniform.

Because the distance between molecules inside water is quite small, the density of the No-Shape-Substance in the flowing water can not be ignored. Thus the density of the total No-Shape-Substance equals the sum of the density of the No-Shape-Substance on the earth and that in the flowing water. That is:

(1.2)

The velocity of the No-Shape-Substance on earth with reference to the earth’s surface is zero, while the velocity of the No-Shape-Substance in the flowing water is relative to the earth’s surface. Then we can get the velocity of the total No-Shape-Substance moving relative to the earth’s surface as follows:

If

We get

(1.3)

When light propagates in water, its velocity relative to the total No-Shape-Substance space is c/n, and its velocity relative to the earth is:

(1.4)

It is water that carries the No-Shape-Substance .So water can also carry light. This perfectly reflects on Fizeau’s experiment that showed, light was dragged by water.

Below we will quantitatively calculate the dragging coefficient of the water.

As was said before, when the light travels in a certain vacuum near the earth’s surface, its velocity in the vacuum can be expressed as:

(1.5)

When light travels in water, its speed is:

(1.6)

We can easily get the following equation from equation (1.6) and equation (1.5),

Since

Again replacing for, it follows that:

(1.7)

Since the refractive index of water is 1.33, we calculate the dragging coefficient theoretically as follows.

The dragging coefficient of water obtained from Fizeau’s experiment is . Apparently, the theoretical value perfectly agrees with the experimental value.

2.2 The Sagnac Effect

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In 1911, Sagnac invented a ring interferometer as shown in figure1.2 .A beam of light is split into two beams are made to follow a trajectory in opposite directions. To act as a ring the trajectory must enclose an area .On return to the point of entry, the light is allowed to exit the apparatus in such a way that an interference pattern is obtained on the viewing screen.

The amount of displacement of the interference fringes in the Sagnac effect is proportional to the angular velocity of the interferometer and the area enclosed by the trajectory.

Now, let^’s explain the Sagnac effect from a completely new point of view. As shown in figure 1.3. To simplify the question, we suppose the trajectory is a circular loop of radius R and the interferometer is moving in the co-rotating direction around a fixed axle with an angular velocity of . Because the motion of the interferometer has no effect on the total No-Shape-Substance on the earth^’s surface, the total No-Shape-Substance is motionless relative to the earth’s surface.

The circumferential tangent speed of the loop is,it is in the co-rotating direction. From the rotating reference system where the interferometer is, the circumferential tangent speed of the No-Shape-Substance relating to the loop is also , it is in the counter-rotating direction. The light speeds in the co-rotating direction and the counter-rotating direction respectively in the reference system where the loop is as bellow.

The perimeter of the loop is , so the difference between the travel times is:

Ignore the secondary lesser time, we get:

(1.8)

The optical path difference is:

So the amount of displacement of the interference fringes corresponding to the optical path difference is:

(1.9)

It is obvious that the amount of displacement of the interference fringes in the Sagnac effect is proportional to the angular velocity of the interferometer and the area enclosed by the trajectory.

We have explained the Sagnac effect well.

The Segnac effect has been employed in many practical ways. For example, a fiber gyroscope has been successfully used in the field of aviation and space flight. It was one of the highly developed gyroscopes in the last 20 years.

For the fiber gyroscope, when light propagates in the medium, its speed is relevant to both the refractive rate and the tangent speed of the medium. Then how should we understand the Sagnac effect and get the equation conforming to the fact?

As shown in figure 1.4. The radius of the fiber coil is R. Both the light source and the detector are at point A. The device is moving in the co-rotating direction with an angular speed of , so the tangent speed of the coil is .

The total No-Shape-Substance inside the fiber will also move in the co-rotating direction because of the carrying ability of the fiber. From the equation discussed in Fizeau’s experiment, we get the tangent speed of the total No-Shape-Substance relative to the earth’s surface as follows:

But the total No-Shape-Substance is moving in the counter-rotating direction relative to the rotating reference system where the interferometer is, so its tangent speed relative to the rotating reference system is:

(1.10)

The propagating velocity of light relating to the total No-Shape-Substance Space is constant. When the light propagates in the clockwise and counterclockwise direction, its tangent speeds relative to the interferometer are and respectively.

The time difference is:

Ignore the secondary lesser time, we get :

(1.11)

It is obvious that the theoretic result in the medium is also consisted with the reality.

2.3 The Michelson-Morley Experiment

During the time between 1876 and 1887, Michelson and Morley conducted experiment in an effort to find the speed of the “ether –wind” using the Michelson Interferometer.

But the result showed that there was no so-called ether-wind on the earth’s surface at all. That is to say that the light speed near the earth’s surface is isotropic.

In the frame of ether, this experimental result conflicts with the aberration phenomenon directly.

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How should we understand this experiment?

The No-Shape-Substance is the propagation medium of light and light is isotropic with respect to the No-Shape-Substance Space.

In the space near the earth’s surface, the total No-Shape-Substance has no relative motion to the earth’s surface. Therefore the velocity of light measured on the earth’s surface is obviously isotropic.

2.4 Millar Experiment

In 1904, Millar and Morley repeated the Michelson-Morey experiment with better instruments. The result of their experiment was closer to zero than what was got by Michelson and Morley in 1887. Later on in the year of 1921, Millar obtained different result when conducted the experiment on a tall mountain.

In 1921, Millar repeated this experiment on Willson Mountain by using the same methods as before. However, as a result, a positive effect of 10 km/s was found, which means light speed deviated by an amount of 10 km/s.

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We can say that Millar’s experiment has undermined the theory of relativity. Well, how should we explain the experimental positive result?

The movement of the earth can carry the No-Shape-Substance near it.This carrying effect will be weaken when it is far away from the earth surface. On the high mountain, the No-Shape-Substance cannot be completely carried by the earth due to the influence of the altitude. That means on the high mountain the No-Shape-Substance has a certain speed relative to the earth. Therefore when we conducted the Michelson-Morley experiment there, the interference fringes would produce the speed deviation.

2.5 Light Aberration Phenomenon

When we observe a far-away star, we need change the direction of our telescope whenseasons change, that is, we change the telescope's angle when earth changes its position on its orbital course round the sun.

The maximum angle is about 10^-4 radian in the practical observation.

Physicists used to explain the light aberration phenomenon with the theory of ether. They said that the earth moves relative to ether at a speed of 30 km/s. That is to say that there is an “ether wind” moving at that speed on the earth’s surface.

But such an explanation is completely contradictory to the zero result of Michelson-Morley experiment made at the earth’s surface.This is the most difficult contradiction that puzzled physicists of the time.

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Now we can explain the light aberration phenomenon naturally.

As shown in figure 1.5, we suppose that the light from a star is vertically incident upon the orbit-plane of the earth at the speed of and the earth has a velocity of relative to the cosmic space.

When light propagates in the cosmic space far from the earth, the influence on the total No-Shape-Substance in the far distance caused by the motion of the earth is so little that it can be ignored. The light from the star will still be vertically incident upon the orbit plane of the earth at the speed of c in the cosmic. Because the earth moves at a speed of with reference to the cosmic space, if observed from the earth, the light is incident onto the orbit-plane of the earth at an angle of (to the original propagation).

We can learn from the above figure that the tangent value of angle which is the observed direction and the original propagation direction is:

(1.12)

In this equation, if we replace and c respectively with the value of the earth’s orbit-speed and the value of light speed, we will follow the maximum of angle is about 10^-4 radian.

The above explanation of mine perfectly accords with the directional changes needed for star observation. In this way, we can get a commendable understanding about light aberration phenomenon with no conflict with Michelson-Morley experiment.

2.6 Airy’s Experiment

We know that the water can carry light in the Fizeau’s experiment. In the frame of ether, when the telescope is filled with water, people deduced that there would be an aberration phenomenon different from the one when there is no water.

In 1871, Sir George Airy tried just that, but he still observed the same aberration phenomenon as was the case when the telescope was not filled with water.

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Now we can understand Airy’s experiment naturally.

As shown in figure 1.5, in this experiment we filled the telescope with water. Note that the water in the telescope has no relative motion to the earth, comparable to the absence of water, and that the water in the telescope just increases the density of the total No-Shape-Substance in the telescope, and that the total No-Shape-Substance in the telescope is still immobile relative to the earth.

After light has come into the No-Shape-Substance space near the earth surface, the water there will not affect light’s propagating direction. Therefore we can still observe the same aberration phenomenon as was the case when there was no water in the telescope.

In this paper, we explain some important and bewildering physical experiments and phenomena in physics from a completely new point of view. It is very natural, harmonious and logical.

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